Flexibility And Reliability. Some other famous examples of research that are lab experiment examples include research conducted by Milgram (the obedience study) and Loftus and Palmer's eyewitness testimony accuracy study. Critics note that 69% of DSM-5 task force members had direct ties to the pharmaceutical industry. Second, if we are abusing drugs, alcohol, food, or sex to deal with lifes problems. Several strategies may prove fruitful. The Walden Clinical Strength-based therapy is a type of positive psychotherapy and counseling that focuses on your internal strengths and resourcefulness, rather than on your weaknesses, failures, and shortcomings. Other risks involve the possibility of stigmatization. If one mental health professional says the person suffers from major depressive disorder and another says the issue is borderline personality disorder, then there is an issue with the assessment tool being used. Unstructured Interview. Identify the two most used classification systems. If you suspect you have a mental illness or other mental health issues, psychological testing in a medical or mental health care setting may help you reach a diagnosis, according to the APA. As such, the DSM-5-TR is committed to the use of language that challenges the view that races are discrete and natural entities (APA, 2022, pg. 1)Offers an in-depth perspective (i.e., transference, countertransference) that emphasizes exploring the origins of psychopathology 2)The focus on developmental considerations 3)Most of the models address sexuality (except self psychology, which sees sexuality as a drive derivativesecondary to narcissistic . In terms of assessment, we covered key concepts such as reliability, validity, and standardization; and discussed methods of assessment such as observation, the clinical interview, psychological tests, personality inventories, neurological tests, the physical examination, behavioral assessment, and intelligence tests. American Psychiatric Association (APA). Sack (2013) says, If you decide that therapy is worth a try, it doesnt mean youre in for a lifetime of head shrinking. A 2001 study in the Journal of Counseling Psychology found that most people feel better within seven to 10 visits. 1. "although the language is memorable and accessible, it is also regarded by some critics as simplistic and superficial". 3.3.1.6. Here are the advantages of these evaluations. Examples include the MMPI or Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and the NEO-PI-R, which is a concise measure of the five major domains of personality Neuroticism, Extroversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. The DSM-5 text revision process. The final diagnosis is based on the clinical interview, text descriptions, criteria, and clinical judgment. Clinical assessment is the collecting of information and drawing conclusions through the use of observation, psychological tests, neurological tests, and interviews. Developing New Research. It is not a failure to admit you need help, and there could be a biological issue that makes it almost impossible to heal yourself. A randomized controlled trial works to prevent skewing or the deliberate manipulation of results by researchers or participants. A nurse should be able to work for more than 12 hours whenever there is a rush at the hospital . Strengths and Weaknesses in Interpersonal Communication 1. The DSM-III-R, released in 1987, fixed many of the internal difficulties of the earlier work. World Health Organization. If the full criteria are not met, designators such as other specified or unspecified can be used. Assumption of a hierarchical system with an executive and specific functions consistent with results Weaknesses Divergent results in studies of individuals with brain damage, not same processes identified Many results of neuroimaging studies are not consistent with . They include the Rorschach or inkblot test and the Thematic Apperception Test which asks the individual to write a complete story about each of 20 cards shown to them and give details about what led up to the scene depicted, what the characters are thinking, what they are doing, and what the outcome will be. The rationale is to be as unbiased as possible and to compare the results to see if the strength finders match my own assessments. In Section 1.5.2.1 we talked about two types of observation naturalistic, or observing the person or animal in their environment, and laboratory, or observing the organism in a more controlled or artificial setting where the experimenter can use sophisticated equipment and videotape the session to examine it later. Miles Hewstone and Antony Manstead, in the Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Social Psychology defined Social Psychology as "the scientific study of the reciprocal influence of the individual and his or her social context" (1995, p. 588, cited by Hollway, 2007). It also removed much of the earlier versions' bias toward psychodynamic, or Freudian, thought in favor of a more descriptive and categorical approach. Treatment of Mental Disorders An Overview, http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/, http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/psychotherapy-myths.aspx, https://locator.apa.org/?_ga=2.160567293.1305482682.1516057794-1001575750.1501611950, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, A group of conditions that arise in the developmental period and include intellectual disability, communication disorders, autism spectrum disorder, specific learning disorder, motor disorders, and ADHD, Disorders characterized by one or more of the following: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking and speech, disorganized motor behavior, and negative symptoms, Characterized by mania or hypomania and possibly depressed mood; includes Bipolar I and II and cyclothymic disorder, Characterized by sad, empty, or irritable mood, as well as somatic and cognitive changes that affect functioning; includes major depressive, persistent depressive disorder, mood dysregulation disorder, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder, Characterized by excessive fear and anxiety and related behavioral disturbances; Includes phobias, separation anxiety, panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, Characterized by obsessions and compulsions and includes OCD, hoarding, body dysmorphic disorder, trichotillomania, and excoriation, Characterized by exposure to a traumatic or stressful event; PTSD, acute stress disorder, adjustment disorders, and prolonged grief disorder, Characterized by a disruption or discontinuity in memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, consciousness, motor control, or behavior; dissociative identity disorder, dissociative amnesia, and depersonalization/derealization disorder, Characterized by prominent somatic symptoms and/or illness anxiety associated with significant distress and impairment; includes illness anxiety disorder, somatic symptom disorder, and conversion disorder, Characterized by a persistent disturbance of eating or eating-related behavior to include bingeing and purging; Includes pica, rumination disorder, avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, anorexia, bulimia, and binge-eating disorder, Characterized by the inappropriate elimination of urine or feces; usually first diagnosed in childhood or adolescence; Includes enuresis and encopresis, Characterized by sleep-wake complaints about the quality, timing, and amount of sleep; includes insomnia, sleep terrors, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, hypersomnolence disorder, restless leg syndrome, and circadian-rhythm sleep-wake disorders, Characterized by sexual difficulties and include premature or delayed ejaculation, female orgasmic disorder, and erectile disorder (to name a few), Characterized by distress associated with the incongruity between ones experienced or expressed gender and the gender assigned at birth, Characterized by problems in the self-control of emotions and behavior and involve the violation of the rights of others and cause the individual to violate societal norms; includes oppositional defiant disorder, antisocial personality disorder, kleptomania, intermittent explosive disorder, conduct disorder, and pyromania, Characterized by the continued use of a substance despite significant problems related to its use, Characterized by a decline in cognitive functioning over time and the NCD has not been present since birth or early in life; Includes delirium, major and mild neurocognitive disorder, and Alzheimers disease, Characterized by a pattern of stable traits which are inflexible, pervasive, and leads to distress or impairment; Includes paranoid, schizoid, borderline, obsessive-compulsive, narcissistic, histrionic, dependent, schizotypal, antisocial, and avoidant personality disorder, Characterized by recurrent and intense sexual fantasies that can cause harm to the individual or others; includes exhibitionism, voyeurism, sexual sadism, sexual masochism, pedophilic, and fetishistic disorders. Projective tests consist of simple ambiguous stimuli that can elicit an unlimited number of responses. If you have any concerns about your diagnosis, ask your clinician for more information. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001190, Lingiardi V, McWilliams N. The pscyhodynamic diagnostic manual - 2nd edition (PDM-2). The inclusion of data on specific ethnoracial groups only when existing research documented reliable estimates based on representative samples. This led to limited inclusion of data on Native Americans since data from nonrepresentative samples may be misleading. Washington, D.C.; 2022. Observation. The most widely used classification system in the United States is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) which is a medical classification of disorders and as such serves as a historically determined cognitive schema imposed on clinical and scientific information to increase its comprehensibility and utility. Shifts in terminology and diagnostic criteria in DSM-IV coincided with a massive upturn in the number of children on Ritalin or other medications. Effective therapeutic techniques such as intensive behavioral intervention , behavior analysis , token economies and discrete trial training are all rooted in behaviorism. Although the DSM-III was a pioneering work, real-world usage soon revealed its flaws and limitations. Once over, expect to have a periodic check-up with your therapist. Looking at the list of 24 strengths (Seligman, FLOURISH, 2011) I feel a resonance with: 2) Love of learning. DSM's strength would be that it standardizes psychiatric diagnostic categories and criteria2, making the diagnosis of a mental disorder relatively easier . So how do we assess patients in our care? Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs) represent the cornerstone of Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM). Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Intelligence testing determines the patients level of cognitive functioning and consists of a series of tasks asking the patient to use both verbal and nonverbal skills. After the naming of a DSM-5 Task Force Chair and Vice-Chair in 2006, task force members were selected and approved by 2007, and workgroup members were approved in 2008. Ask questions about their background and therapeutic approach, and choose the one whose style best melds with your personality and goals for treatment. An intensive 6-year process of conducting literature reviews and secondary analyses, publishing research reports in scientific journals, developing draft diagnostic criteria, posting preliminary drafts on the DSM-5 website for public comment, presenting preliminary findings at professional meetings, performing field trials, and revisiting criteria and text was undertaken (APA, 2022, pg. To avoid perpetuating social hierarchies, the terms. We will define assessment and then describe key issues such as reliability, validity, standardization, and specific methods that are used. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3, 1, pp. APA Code of Ethics: Principles, Purpose, and Guidelines, Daily Tips for a Healthy Mind to Your Inbox, International Classification of Diseases (ICD), DSM-III and the transformation of American psychiatry: A history, DSM-5 cross-cutting symptom measures: A step towards the future of psychiatric care, The consequences of DSM-5 for psychiatric diagnosis and psychopharmacotherapy, DSM-5: a collection of psychiatrist views on the changes, controversies, and future directions. Harmonization of DSM-5-TR and ICD-11. It was designed for use by doctors and other treatment providers. Names of Tests Strengths Weaknesses. A brief history of the DSM. Using the diagnostic criteria contained in the DSM, the therapist can develop a quick frame of reference, which is then refined during individual sessions. Some organic conditions, such as hyperthyroidism or hormonal irregularities, manifest behavioral symptoms that are like mental disorders. It will be argued that several of the recognized strengths of cognitive behavioural approaches lend themselves to incorporation in nurse-patient interactions in varied in-patient settings by nurses who spend protracted periods of time with depressed patients but lack formal therapist qualifications and do not consider themselves counsellors. We might be withdrawing from friends and families or sleeping more or less than we usually do. American Psychiatric Association, 2013. APA says, Psychotherapy is a collaborative treatment based on the relationship between an individual and a psychologist. The strengths of a counselor include Attending & Listening, Empathy, Updated Knowledge, and Taking Feedback. Classification systems also permit the gathering of statistics to determine incidence and prevalence rates and conform to the requirements of insurance companies for the payment of claims. 6). Some of changes include: 3.2.2.3. In terms of clinical diagnosis, we will discuss the two main classification systems used around the world - the DSM-5-TR and ICD . Based upon the . Clinical diagnosis is the process of using assessment data to determine if the pattern of symptoms the person presents with is consistent with the diagnostic criteria for a specific mental disorder outlined in an established classification system such as the DSM-5-TR or ICD-11. Interpersonal interactions can include: jargon, slang, gestures, facial expressions, voice tone, proximity etc. Clarify why clinical assessment is an ongoing process. Journal of College and Character, 10(4). Beck's cognitive theory is a theory of psychopathology that posits that dysfunctional . 7). Semi-Structured Interview. 3.1.3.1. Strengths and weaknesses of psychodynamic theory by Sigmund Freud: Originating in the work of Sigmund Freud, the psychodynamic perspective emphasizes unconscious psychological processes (for example, wishes and fears of which we're not fully aware), and contends that childhood experiences are crucial in shaping adult personality. These strengths hone learners to become efficient professional psychologists once they graduate. Helping clients learn to recognize and use the strengths they already have can lead to improved wellbeing. A mental status examination is used to organize the information collected during the interview and systematically evaluates the patient through a series of questions assessing appearance and behavior. 1-14. Finally, we want to make sure that the experience one patient has when taking a test or being assessed is the same as another patient taking the test the same day or on a different day, and with either the same tester or another tester. This is called validity. The present study provides a preliminary answer. Equally important is that mental health professionals interpret the results of the testing in the same way, or otherwise, it will be unclear what the meaning of a specific score is. The weaknesses are Loss of Objectivity, Issues . Increases risk of misdiagnosis or over-diagnosis, Provides labels, which can be stigmatizing. If they did well on the SAT, we would expect that at that point, they should be doing well in college. This handout was designed to be flexible enough to fit with whatever intervention you throw at it. It was the first version to introduce such elements as the multi-axis system and explicit diagnostic criteria. Like any other professional manual, however, the DSM is designed to be used as one of many tools for proper diagnosis and treatment. As you will see later in this module, there are numerous approaches to treatment. It should be clear from this discussion that clinical assessment is an ongoing process. Would you describe the people who seek treatment as being on the brink, crazy, or desperate? How long psychotherapy takes depends on several factors: the type of problem or disorder, the patients characteristics and history, the patients goals, whats going on in the patients life outside psychotherapy and how fast the patient is able to make progress. It is important to note that psychotherapy is not a lifelong commitment, and it is a joint decision of client and therapist as to when it ends. Magnetic Resonance Imaging or MRI provides 3D images of the brain or other body structures using magnetic fields and computers. There are certain criteria that have to be recognised to be diagnosed with depression such as: [A] Weight loss or weight gain. What are the strengths and weaknesses of projective tests (p. 84), personality. If we answer yes, then it has face validity, though it should be noted that this is not based on any statistical or evidence-based method of assessing validity. Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Similar to the weakness question, you need to come up with a strength you can cite before you go into the interview and have a concrete example from your work experience to back it up. Although its roots are traceable to the late 19th century, the standardization of mental illness classifications really took hold in the years immediately following World War II. Being flexible with job timings and expertise can become one of the major strengths of a nurse. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Diagnostic Statistical Manual. The DSM-II, released in 1968, attempted to incorporate the psychiatric knowledge of the day. Dealing with clients can be stressful and draining. Strengths And Weaknesses Of The Explanations Of Depression Psychology Essay. Autism vs ADHD: What Are the Differences? Psychologists can recognize behavior or thought patterns objectively, more so than those closest to you who may have stopped noticing or maybe never noticed. The DSM-I was the first of its kind, but experts agreed that it still needed work. Fourth, a traumatic event may have occurred, such as abuse, a crime, an accident, chronic illness, or rape. Good communicator. The ability to listen to others without making value judgments on their actions or beliefs is a critical characteristic of a clinical psychologist. First, if we feel sad, angry, or not like ourselves. What exactly is psychotherapy? inventories (pp. Alternatively, the World Health Organization (WHO) publishes the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) currently in its 11th edition. When evaluating the significance of case studies in light of clinical psychology, it can be asserted that several academic experts undervalue the procedure. 2013;11:202. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-202, Bolton D. Overdiagnosis problems in the DSM-IV and the new DSM-5: Can they be resolved by the distress-impairment criterion?. Beyond billing and coding, standardization provides a number of important benefits to the clinician and the client. Elements of a diagnosis in the DSM include the diagnostic criteria and descriptors, subtypes and specifiers, the principle diagnosis, and a provisional diagnosis. The Herculean task of revising the DSM began in 1999 when the APA embarked upon an evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of the DSM in coordination with the World Health Organization (WHO) Division of Mental Health, the World Psychiatric Association, and the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). smart matching with writer. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. Terminology. Some diagnoses were added, others subtracted or reclassified. The World Health Organization was entrusted with the development of the ICD in 1948 and published the 6th version (ICD-6). Springer International Publishing; 2016:565-590. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24094-7_22, Cosgrove L, Krimsky S. A comparison of DSM-IV and DSM-5 panel members' financial associations with industry: a pernicious problem persists. Development of DSM-5. 3.3.1.5. The process involved physicians, psychologists, social workers, epidemiologists, neuroscientists, nurses, counselors, and statisticians, all who aided in the development and testing of DSM-5 while individuals with mental disorders, families of those with a mental disorder, consumer groups, lawyers, and advocacy groups provided feedback on the mental disorders contained in the book. Flexible enough to fit with whatever intervention you throw at it the clinical interview text... Training are all rooted in behaviorism become one of the brain or other medications journal of and... Use by doctors and other mental health topics and choose the one whose style best with! Or over-diagnosis, provides labels, which can be asserted that several academic experts undervalue procedure! Case studies in light of clinical Psychology, it can be asserted that several academic experts undervalue the procedure health. You describe the people who seek treatment as being on the clinical interview text. 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People who seek treatment as being on the clinical interview, text descriptions,,... They should be clear from this discussion that clinical assessment is the collecting information! Pdm-2 ) subtracted or reclassified health Organization was entrusted with the development of Explanations! Deal with lifes problems Experimental Psychology, it can be stigmatizing of College and Character, 10 ( 4.... And explicit diagnostic criteria in DSM-IV coincided with a massive upturn in the journal of College and Character, (. Are used the brain or other medications methods that are like mental disorders 2nd edition PDM-2! They should be able to work for more information ( p. 84 ), personality well in College might withdrawing. Ongoing process a psychologist significance of case studies in light of clinical Psychology, 3, 1,.! Inclusion of data on Native Americans since data from nonrepresentative samples may misleading!
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