international cyberstalking laws

endobj /P 9 0 R /S /P Attempts at legislating cyberbullying have been tried at the federal level, primarily because the Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution specifically provides that only the federal government can regulate commerce between the states; this includes electronic communication over the Internet. >> /TT0 243 0 R 181 0 obj The primary distinction is one of age; if adults are involved, the act is usually termed cyberstalking, while among children it is usually referred to as cyberbullying. /P 9 0 R xV]sF4/m::%aN4!-W~Ho^XJkH{V[?7tp5v^ymqS_ `.O>LjimLi41?u(j&Yh?Zm\lZ !Gs'#~?#U 2 endobj 505 0 R null 506 0 R null 507 0 R null 508 0 R null 509 0 R null /K [27 453 0 R 48] << Under 18 U.S.C. /K [3 527 0 R 32] /P 9 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R 176 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R 180 0 R 181 0 R 182 0 R L. 116249 substituted section 2261(b) or section 2261B, as the case may be for section 2261(b) of this title in concluding provisions. 197 0 obj endobj /P 9 0 R >> ", "Free Speech and "Cyber-bullying" | American Civil Liberties Union", "First Amendment and cyber bullying - Global Voices Advocacy", "Missouri Revisor of Statutes - Revised Statutes of Missouri, RSMo, Missouri Law, MO Law", "Bill targets adults who cyberbully | News", "N.J. /P 9 0 R << /TT1 244 0 R /Type /Page /Rotate 0 /K [360 0 R 361 0 R 362 0 R 363 0 R] >> 79 0 obj << /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] stream /K 11 WebAs a first degree misdemeanor, cyberstalking in Florida is punishable by up to 12 months in county jail and up to a $1000 fine. >> /S /P >> 87 0 obj /P 9 0 R /P 9 0 R /S /P L. 115334, 12502(a)(1)(A), added cl. 199 0 obj In order to answer this question an assessment of whetthere will first beher the Laws, Research, and Recommendations in R.C. /StructParents 13 However, like the Megan Meier Cyberbullying Prevention Act, this bill also has its detractors. << >> /Parent 7 0 R /TT1 244 0 R 107 0 obj /K [19 580 0 R] << 7-39). /Type /Page B, title I, 1107(b)(1), Pub. >> /Pg 22 0 R /S /P 140 0 obj endobj << 113 0 obj /TT2 258 0 R 121 0 R 122 0 R null 476 0 R null 477 0 R null 478 0 R null 479 0 R /Type /Page /S /P /Pg 31 0 R /Font <> << << endobj Cyberstalking and cyberbullying are relatively new phenomena, but that does not mean that crimes committed through the network are not punishable under legislation drafted for that purpose. >> Abstract << >> 136 0 obj /K 5 209 0 obj /Annots [281 0 R 282 0 R 283 0 R] 103 0 R 104 0 R 105 0 R 106 0 R 107 0 R 108 0 R 109 0 R 110 0 R 111 0 R 112 0 R 79 496 0 R 80 497 0 R 81 498 0 R 82 499 0 R 83 500 0 R /P 9 0 R null 516 0 R 133 0 R 517 0 R 133 0 R 524 0 R 135 0 R 525 0 R 135 0 R 526 0 R /S /P 105 0 obj /P 9 0 R /P 9 0 R 16 0 obj endobj /Pg 28 0 R /CS1 [/ICCBased 242 0 R] WebWhat must exist for cyber stalking to be illegal in a state or territory? /P 9 0 R /S /P >> /S /Footnote >> << 8-11-09. L. 1134 not effective until the beginning of the fiscal year following Mar. ), In response to Phoebe Prince's suicide, as well as that of Carl Walkerboth of whom had been bullied before taking their livesthe Massachusetts legislature in 2010 passed what advocates call one of the toughest anti-bullying laws in the nation. endobj 70 0 obj endobj /K 6 156 0 obj /P 9 0 R Under U.S. federal law, someone commits the felony of stalking if that person: places another person in reasonable fear of death or serious bodily injury to him- or herself, his or her immediate family member, or spouse or intimate partner. << << endobj /P 9 0 R 33 0 R 364 0 R 41 0 R 365 0 R 41 0 R 366 0 R 42 0 R] endobj [28] On January 1, 2009, a California law became effective that allows schools to suspend or expel students who harass other students online. /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] 55 0 R 384 0 R 56 0 R 385 0 R 56 0 R 386 0 R 56 0 R 387 0 R 56 0 R 388 0 R Jurisdictional and definitional concerns with computer-mediated interpersonal crimes: An analysis on cyber stalking. endobj << 2020Pub. >> endobj /P 9 0 R 163 0 obj /StructParents 17 /P 9 0 R /P 9 0 R endobj /StructParents 0 endobj With computer stalking, the cyberstalker exploits the Internet and the Windows operating system in order to assume control over the computer of the targeted victim. /K 5 >> 30 383 0 R 31 384 0 R] 220 0 obj >> >> For example, in the case of United States v. Lori Drew, in which Megan Meier had committed suicide after being bullied on MySpace, three of the four charges against the defendant (Drew) were actually in response to alleged violations of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, since specific statues against cyberbullying were not on the books. New York state passed the Dignity For All Students Act, focusing primarily on elementary and middle school students. /P 9 0 R >> /Pg 23 0 R /S /P << 75 0 obj 3 However, there are other federal laws that can be applied to /Pg 20 0 R /P 9 0 R /S /P The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) works with other federal agencies to conduct high-impact /K 5 << /Pg 13 0 R 6 0 obj /S /P /P 9 0 R /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] 105 0 R 465 0 R 106 0 R 466 0 R 106 0 R 467 0 R 107 0 R 468 0 R 108 0 R 469 0 R /Font <> endobj [40] III. /Pg 20 0 R >> /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] Generally speaking, this conduct is threatening or otherwise fear-inducing, involves an invasion of a persons relative right to privacy, and manifests in repeated actions over time [2]. /S /P 176 0 obj /K 1 /P 9 0 R 204 0 obj << /Contents 291 0 R Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. 200 0 obj /K [504 0 R 505 0 R 506 0 R 507 0 R 508 0 R 509 0 R] << /TT0 243 0 R endobj 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R 203 0 R 204 0 R] 110 0 obj 89 514 0 R 90 516 0 R 91 517 0 R 92 524 0 R 93 525 0 R /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] /TT2 244 0 R 52 425 0 R 53 426 0 R 54 427 0 R 55 428 0 R 56 429 0 R <> /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] (Source: P.A. 188 0 obj /K [571 0 R 572 0 R 573 0 R] /S /P /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /Resources << Her efforts were met with little enthusiasm, however, as Representatives from both the Republican and Democratic parties were concerned with the bill's impact on the freedom of speech. /S /P /K [6 550 0 R 17] << >> /S /P /P 9 0 R <> endobj 401 0 R null 389 0 R 62 0 R 390 0 R 62 0 R 391 0 R 62 0 R 392 0 R 62 0 R /TT3 244 0 R /K 5 >> 56 0 obj /K 13 /Pg 32 0 R These statutes 183 0 R 184 0 R 185 0 R 186 0 R 187 0 R 188 0 R 189 0 R 190 0 R 191 0 R 192 0 R << >> /K 11 /TT2 244 0 R /StructParents 12 Volume 96 96 N.C. App. 433 0 R null 428 0 R 88 0 R 429 0 R 88 0 R 430 0 R 88 0 R] /K 3 /S /P Governor Signs Landmark Anti-Bullying Law", "Missouri Gov. Washington state has enacted a criminal cyber-stalking statute that threatens its citizens with prosecution and incarceration for innocent online speech protected by the First Amendment. << 21 0 obj >> /ColorSpace << endobj WebDavid's Law is a state law in Texas, that labels cyberstalking a misdemeanor crime, but it also lays out several other rights victims or parents of victims have in ensuring justice. /S /P /Count 21 13 0 obj >> 217 0 obj /S /P /S /P /Pg 16 0 R /Contents 353 0 R /P 9 0 R [14], Organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union have taken the view that cyberbullying is an overly expansive term, and that the First Amendment protects all speech, even the reprehensible; this protection would extend to the Internet. 218 0 obj /P 9 0 R >> /K [4 428 0 R 33 429 0 R 35 430 0 R 37] 15 0 obj 84 625 0 R 85 510 0 R 86 511 0 R 87 512 0 R 88 513 0 R >> [41] /K 1 In addition to imprisonment, the court may also order the alleged offender to pay a $250,000 fine. /S /P /Pg 21 0 R /K 6 null 519 0 R null 520 0 R null 521 0 R null 522 0 R null 523 0 R /K 4 endobj /P 9 0 R /K [1 402 0 R 31] 102 0 obj << /Pg 22 0 R << Further, cyber-industries must develop policies and procedures for protecting their clients. /P 9 0 R /Pg 21 0 R /Pg 13 0 R >> /F4 226 0 R /Pg 18 0 R << /Pg 29 0 R endobj /P 9 0 R >> /CS1 [/ICCBased 242 0 R] >> 39 0 obj endobj /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] /K 4 /S /P Working to Halt endobj /K [21 444 0 R 40 445 0 R 42 446 0 R 44] 15 [144 0 R 146 0 R 147 0 R 148 0 R 149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R 152 0 R 153 0 R null Pub. /K 7 16, pp. 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R 101 0 R 102 0 R endobj << /Pg 28 0 R /K 14 /StructParents 3 endobj /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] /Length 4275 In the United States, cyberstalking is a crime, however; legislation defining cyberstalking and cyberbullying is lacking at the federal level. As such, its generally criminalized under U.S. harassment, anti-stalking, and slander laws. endobj >> 63 0 obj endobj /K 1 WebAccording to Florida Statute 775.082, if an individual is convicted of first-degree misdemeanor cyberstalking, the individual will be punished with up to one year in jail, and a fine of up to $1,000. endobj /K [490 0 R 491 0 R 492 0 R 493 0 R 494 0 R 495 0 R] /K [2 418 0 R 19] /P 9 0 R /S /P /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] endobj /S /P 2006Pub. /S /Sect /Pg 19 0 R >> /Pg 24 0 R /Pg 31 0 R /K [2 467 0 R 36] << endobj In 2013, Indian Parliament made amendments to the Indian Penal Code, introducing cyberstalking as a criminal offence. << endobj /S /Footnote 172 0 obj >> endobj /P 9 0 R >> On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. << 207 0 obj Cyberstalking Laws When it comes to laws against cyberstalking, this type of harassment falls under the Violence Against Women Act of 1994 at the national level. >> 7 Bocij, P., Griffiths, M.D., McFarlane, L, Cyber Stalking: A New Challenge for Criminal Law, 122 The Criminal Lawyer, 3-5 (2002). endobj >> <> /S /P /Annots [310 0 R 311 0 R 312 0 R 313 0 R 314 0 R 315 0 R] /S /P /TT0 243 0 R >> >> << /K 2 212 0 R 213 0 R 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 217 0 R 218 0 R] /K 4 endobj >> /ParentTree 10 0 R WebJustia Onward Blog; Justia US Law Case Law North Carolina Case Law North Carolina Court of Appeals Decisions 2020 In Re D.B /Pg 20 0 R /Pg 15 0 R >> /K [556 0 R 557 0 R 558 0 R 559 0 R 560 0 R 561 0 R] >> /P 9 0 R /K [1 562 0 R 26 563 0 R 28] /K [8 366 0 R 26] 104 0 obj /S /Footnote /Resources << /K [4 469 0 R 40 470 0 R 42 471 0 R 44 472 0 R 46] >> /P 9 0 R << Explanation : Cyberstalking involves using electronic means, including the Internet, to stalk or harass a person or group of people. >> Cyberstalking is a type of online harassment that involves using electronic means to stalk a victim, and generally refers to a pattern of threatening or malicious 493 0 R null 494 0 R null 495 0 R null 623 0 R 624 0 R 496 0 R 124 0 R /P 9 0 R << << Nothing, existing international cyber stalking laws apply b. An unpublished opinion of the North Carolina Court of Appeals does not constitute controlling legal authority. /TT0 243 0 R << << << /K 3 Although many States in Australia have antistalking laws, Victoria and Queensland are the only States that include sending electronic messages to, or otherwise contacting, the victim in their legislation. /TT1 245 0 R >> /P 9 0 R 43 0 R 44 0 R 45 0 R 46 0 R 47 0 R 48 0 R 49 0 R 50 0 R 51 0 R 52 0 R >> /S /P /Pg 20 0 R /P 9 0 R /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] 118 0 obj /P 9 0 R /P 9 0 R Adobe PDF Library 9.0 /S /P >> /S /P /Pg 15 0 R >> /K 2 /P 9 0 R /S /P /Type /Page Tilburg University >> /P 9 0 R >> /P 9 0 R 73 0 obj endobj /ColorSpace << Cyberstalking and the technologies of interpersonal terrorism. /K 1 >> /P 9 0 R /TT1 245 0 R /Font <> >> 7 0 obj /Metadata 2 0 R << /ColorSpace << /Pg 21 0 R /P 9 0 R /K 14 /TT0 243 0 R /ColorSpace << >> 63 0 R 64 0 R 65 0 R 66 0 R 67 0 R 68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R 72 0 R /P 9 0 R 420 0 R null 421 0 R null 422 0 R null 423 0 R null 418 0 R 78 0 R >> WebPrvn pedpisy o kyberstalkingu - Cyberstalking legislation Kybernetick pronsledovn a kyberikana jsou relativn novmi jevy, ale to neznamen, e zloiny spchan prostednictvm st nelze trestat podle legislativy navren k tomuto elu. /S /P /K 6 /K 13 A man or a woman committing the offence of stalking would be liable for imprisonment up to three years for the first offence, and shall also be liable to fine and for any subsequent conviction would be liable for imprisonment up to five years and with fine. /K [431 0 R 432 0 R 433 0 R] /RoleMap 11 0 R /ColorSpace << A cyberstalking conviction can be accompanied by up to five years in prison and a $250,000 fine. << [20], While some laws are written such that the focus on cyberbullying is the set of acts that occur within a school, others are more general, targeting cyberbullying no matter where it occurs. /StructTreeRoot 4 0 R /Pg 22 0 R << /Annots [259 0 R 260 0 R 261 0 R 262 0 R 263 0 R 264 0 R 265 0 R 266 0 R 267 0 R] /P 9 0 R endobj /K 4 International (cyber)stalking: impediments to investigation and prosecution /Pg 16 0 R /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] /Type /Page /Rotate 0 153 0 obj Contact Beckham Solis, Attorneys at Law at (305) 290-1884 for representation from a team in Miami with over 35 years of collective experience. /Type /Metadata >> /P 9 0 R /K [2 524 0 R 26 525 0 R 28 526 0 R 30] >> /Resources << travels in interstate or foreign commerce or is present within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United, places that person in reasonable fear of the death of, or, with the intent to kill, injure, harass, intimidate, or place under surveillance with intent to kill, injure, harass, or intimidate another person, uses the mail, any interactive computer service or electronic communication service or electronic communication system of interstate commerce, or any other facility of interstate or foreign commerce to engage in a, Pub. endobj << /Subscript /Span 21 581 0 R 22 359 0 R 23 364 0 R 24 365 0 R /Pages 3 0 R /K 1 /StructParents 18 >> /Pg 31 0 R /Resources << /S /P /Pg 32 0 R /P 9 0 R /K [1 465 0 R 32 466 0 R 34] /Pg 13 0 R Chat-line users may capture, store, and transmit communications to others outside the chat service. >> Cyberstalking in conjunction with a credible threat is also considered aggravated stalking.[31]. /TT1 245 0 R /Pg 22 0 R Web144 Green Acres Ln, PO Box 111, Green Mountain, NC 28740 . 18 [164 0 R 166 0 R 167 0 R 168 0 R 169 0 R 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R >> endobj [8], The Australian government has proposed specific cyberbullying laws to protect children.[9]. 201 0 obj /K 10 Cyber stalking generally involves unwarranted, repeated and threatening conduct of the offender via the Internet or social media platforms, which causes fear, distress or alarm to the victim. 31] 108 0 obj 109 563 0 R 110 564 0 R 111 565 0 R 112 632 0 R 113 634 0 R /Pg 15 0 R >> >> /P 9 0 R 69 0 obj << >> /Type /Page endobj /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] endobj Despite the fact that Canada does not have any formal laws that deal specifically with cyberstalking, existing stalking laws do encompass electronic stalking as a criminal activity. /TT1 245 0 R /TT1 258 0 R /S /P /K 8 198 0 obj /P 9 0 R /TT0 243 0 R /TT1 244 0 R /K 4 /S /P >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] >> /Font << 64 0 obj /K [2 384 0 R 32 385 0 R 34 386 0 R 36 387 0 R 38] 178 0 obj /Pg 31 0 R /Rotate 0 shall be punished as provided in section 2261(b) or section 2261B, as the case may be. /S /P 83 0 obj /S /P /S /P << endobj >> The first cyberstalking law went into effect just over a year ago in California, and Congress is considering a federal law. >> << endobj Opponents of the bill argue that since the target of such legislation is nominally teenagers, this would put an undue burden on the prison systemsince there are no long-term facilities for teenage offenders at the federal level. /S /P >> endobj /P 9 0 R /K 2 endobj 101 0 obj Also, law enforcement officers must be trained to deal with cyberstalking. /S /P WebCyberstalking involves the use of technology (most often, the Internet!) 88 0 obj 213 0 R 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 217 0 R 218 0 R] 25 366 0 R 26 367 0 R 27 368 0 R 28 582 0 R 29 382 0 R /Subtype /XML << /K 6 /S /P /Pg 13 0 R /Parent 3 0 R /Pg 20 0 R /P 9 0 R /Resources <> /Contents 316 0 R [27] In 2011, a man was ordered to undergo psychiatric evaluation before sentencing for cyberstalking. /TT0 243 0 R /P 9 0 R endobj 73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R 82 0 R endobj endobj 173 0 obj >> The DRB was open about the absence of precedent for the specific federal crime of cyberstalking and searched nationally for a comparable case, said Roger Plawker of Pashman Stein Walder Hayden. /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] << /K 3 193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R << Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press. << /S /Footnote /Pg 32 0 R 213 0 obj /StructParents 5 /Contents 274 0 R )[25] Its first use resulted in a six-year sentence for a man who harassed a woman who could identify him. /Pg 30 0 R /S /P 219 0 obj /S /Footnote A qualitative study on the perception of cyber stalking and the adequacy of the anti-stalking law to regulate such crime in Malaysia is somewhat scarce. 29 0 obj /P 9 0 R /Parent 8 0 R /Annots [343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R 347 0 R 348 0 R] /K 7 There are several forms of cyberstalking, including: Harassing the victim Embarrassing and humiliating the victim Exerting financial control by emptying the victims bank accounts, or by ruining his credit << >> /Pg 14 0 R /Rotate 0 << << /K [8 551 0 R 552 0 R 553 0 R 554 0 R 555 0 R] /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] /Parent 8 0 R /S /P null 461 0 R null 462 0 R 620 0 R 462 0 R null 463 0 R null 464 0 R >> /Kids [6 0 R 7 0 R 8 0 R] An Empirical Study. /Pg 31 0 R What are the Penalties for Cyberstalking? 625 0 R 626 0 R 510 0 R 131 0 R 511 0 R 131 0 R 512 0 R 131 0 R 513 0 R 131 0 R >> /P 9 0 R endobj /P 9 0 R /P 9 0 R /Rotate 0 << /TT0 243 0 R /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] << /Type /Page 221 0 obj << Cyberbullying and cyberstalking, by their nature, define adversarial relationships. endobj << >> endobj /P 9 0 R /StructParents 2 >> /Nums [64 465 0 R 65 466 0 R 66 467 0 R 67 468 0 R 68 469 0 R <> /S /P /Pg 18 0 R >> /StructParents 16 /K 8 << /K 4 Pub. >> >> /Pg 22 0 R >> /Pg 32 0 R 119 0 obj an immediate family member (as defined in section 115) of that person; causes, attempts to cause, or would be reasonably expected to cause substantial emotional distress to a person described in clause (i), (ii), or (iii) of subparagraph (A); or, places that person in reasonable fear of the death of or. 144 0 obj 152 0 obj /K 5 /K 7 125 0 obj Equality Act 2010 The Equality Act 2010 ( c 15) is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom. /Pg 26 0 R << /S /P First Amendment concerns often arise when questionable speech is uttered or posted online. What is Cyberstalking? It is a specific federal crime and falls under a federal stalking statute as part of the Violence Against Women Act of 2005. The law was amended in 2013 to include stalking by the Internet or by telephone and no longer requires that the perpetrator and victim live in different legal jurisdictions. >> /Pg 19 0 R In 2008, Florida passed the "Jeffrey Johnston Stand Up For All Students Act" in response to the suicide of 15-year-old Jeffrey Johnston, who had suffered cyberbullying over a long period of time. >> /K 2 /K 5 /Pg 30 0 R WebAnnotate this Case. /S /P /S /P << /S /Footnote /K 12 /K 3 endobj << /K 6 /Font << <> /StructParents 20 /ColorSpace << 40 0 obj /Font << /Font << c/o ISBS, 5804 N.E. 25 0 obj << Specific laws against cyber stalking to be illegal in a state or territory, c. Specific laws against cyber stalking in that nation d. Nothing, existing stalking laws can apply >> 43 0 obj This is the Convention on Cybercrime, signed by the Council of Europe in Budapest on November 23, 2001. endobj endobj /K 17 /Pg 23 0 R >> << >> endobj >> << 117 0 obj << /Pg 18 0 R /S /P /K [5 425 0 R 23 426 0 R 25 427 0 R 27] 3 [62 0 R 64 0 R 65 0 R null 393 0 R null 394 0 R null 395 0 R null >> /Pg 24 0 R << endobj States that have passed legislation have done so generally in response to incidents within that state, to address what they believe to be shortcomings in federal laws, or to expand protection to victims above and beyond existing statutes. endobj >> /Pg 30 0 R /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] In 2009, Representative Linda Snchez (D-CA) brought legislation titled the "Megan Meier Cyberbullying Prevention Act" before the U.S. House of Representatives. /Resources << endobj /P 9 0 R /S /P << >> endobj >> /Annots [286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R 289 0 R 290 0 R] /Creator (Acrobat PDFMaker 9.1 for Word) /TextBox /Art << /Pg 14 0 R 11 [122 0 R 124 0 R 125 0 R null 490 0 R null 491 0 R null 492 0 R null /Resources << >> >> /Chart /Figure /S /P Cyberstalking has been illegal since 2011. endobj Cyberstalkers can use chat rooms to slander and endanger their victims. /Font << /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.32 841.92] endobj In a general sense, it would seem simple to legislate this type of behavior; slander and libel laws exist to tackle these situations. L. 106386 reenacted section catchline without change and amended text generally. /P 9 0 R Citation is disfavored, but may be /Pg 13 0 R >> /TT1 245 0 R 595 0 R 596 0 R 597 0 R 598 0 R 599 0 R null 431 0 R null 432 0 R null /K 16 /S /Footnote /CS0 [/ICCBased 241 0 R] /Pg 30 0 R /K 3 97 0 obj /S /Footnote /Type /Page >> /K [3 468 0 R 38] WebFederal law provides some tools to combat cyberstalking. 123 0 obj 23 0 obj /S /P /K 18 endobj "Family or household member" includes spouses, former spouses, parents, children, stepchildren and other persons related by blood or by present or prior marriage, persons who share or formerly shared a common dwelling, persons who have or allegedly share a blood relationship through a child, persons who have or have had a dating or engagement relationship, and persons with disabilities and their personal assistants. R < < 8-11-09 anti-stalking, and slander laws a credible threat is considered. 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